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<title>Botfly</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Botfly</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Oestridae" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="Ostreidae" title="Ostreidae">Ostreidae</a>.</div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Botfly

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="Deer_botfly" title="Deer botfly">Deer botfly</a></i> (Cephenemyia stimulator)

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class=" taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></span>

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<td>Kingdom:

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<td><a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>

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<td>Phylum:

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<td><a href="Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a>

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<td>Class:

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<td><a href="Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a>

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<td>Order:

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<td><a href="Fly" title="Fly">Diptera</a>

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<td><i>Clade</i>:

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<td><a href="Eremoneura" title="Eremoneura">Eremoneura</a>

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<td>(unranked):

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<td><a href="Cyclorrhapha" title="Cyclorrhapha">Cyclorrhapha</a>

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<td>Section:

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<td><a href="Schizophora" title="Schizophora">Schizophora</a>

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<td>Subsection:

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<td><a href="Calyptratae" title="Calyptratae">Calyptratae</a>

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<td>Superfamily:

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<td><a href="Oestroidea" title="Oestroidea">Oestroidea</a>

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<td>Family:

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<td><br><small>Leach, 1815</small>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subfamilies

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<ul><li><a href="Cuterebrinae" title="Cuterebrinae">Cuterebrinae</a></li>

<li><a href="Gasterophilinae" title="Gasterophilinae">Gasterophilinae</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypodermatinae" title="Hypodermatinae">Hypodermatinae</a></li>

<li><a href="Oestrinae" title="Oestrinae">Oestrinae</a></li></ul>

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<p><b>Botflies</b>, also known as <b>warble flies</b>, <b>heel flies</b>, and <b>gadflies</b>, are <a href="Flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Flies">flies</a> of the family <b>Oestridae</b>. Their <a href="Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> are internal <a href="Parasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasites">parasites</a> of <a href="Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>, some species growing in the host's flesh and others within the gut. <i><a href="Dermatobia_hominis" title="Dermatobia hominis">Dermatobia hominis</a></i> is the only species of botfly known to parasitize humans routinely, though other species of flies cause <a href="Myiasis" title="Myiasis">myiasis</a> in humans.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General">General</h2></div>

<p>A botfly,<sup id="cite_ref-Websters_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Websters-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also written bot fly,<sup id="cite_ref-FaberV_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FaberV-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bott fly<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or bot-fly<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-19-861271-0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-19-861271-0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in various combinations, is any <a href="Fly" title="Fly">fly</a> in the <a href="Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> Oestridae. Their life cycles vary greatly according to species, but the <a href="Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of all species are internal parasites of mammals. Largely according to species, they also are known variously as <a href="Warble_flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Warble flies">warble flies</a>, heel flies, and gadflies. The larvae of some species grow in the flesh of their hosts, while others grow within the hosts' <a href="Gut_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut (anatomy)">alimentary tracts</a>.

</p><p>The word "bot" in this sense means a maggot.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-19-861271-0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-19-861271-0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A warble is a skin lump or callus such as might be caused by an ill-fitting harness, or by the presence of a warble fly maggot under the skin. The human botfly, <i>Dermatobia hominis</i>, is the only species of botfly whose larvae ordinarily parasitise humans, though flies in some other families episodically cause human myiasis and are sometimes more harmful.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_Oestridae">Family Oestridae</h2></div>

<p>The Oestridae now are generally defined as including the former families <a href="Oestrinae" title="Oestrinae">Oestridae</a>, <a href="Cuterebrinae" title="Cuterebrinae">Cuterebridae</a>, <a href="Gasterophilinae" title="Gasterophilinae">Gasterophilidae</a>, and <a href="Hypodermatinae" title="Hypodermatinae">Hypodermatidae</a> as <a href="Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">subfamilies</a>.

</p><p>The Oestridae, in turn, are a family within the superfamily <a href="Oestroidea" title="Oestroidea">Oestroidea</a>, together with the families <a href="Calliphoridae" title="Calliphoridae">Calliphoridae</a>, <a href="Mesembrinellidae" title="Mesembrinellidae">Mesembrinellidae</a>, <a href="Mystacinobiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystacinobiidae">Mystacinobiidae</a>, <a href="Polleniidae" title="Polleniidae">Polleniidae</a>, <a href="Rhiniidae" title="Rhiniidae">Rhiniidae</a>, <a href="Rhinophoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinophoridae">Rhinophoridae</a>, <a href="Flesh-fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Flesh-fly">Sarcophagidae</a>, <a href="Tachinidae" title="Tachinidae">Tachinidae</a>, and <a href="Ulurumyiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulurumyiidae">Ulurumyiidae</a>.

</p><p>Of families of flies causing myiasis, the Oestridae include the highest proportion of species whose larvae live as obligate <a href="Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a> within the bodies of <a href="Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. Roughly 150 species are known worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most other species of flies implicated in myiasis are members of related families, such as blow-flies.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infestation">Infestation</h2></div>

<p>Botflies deposit eggs on a host, or sometimes use an intermediate vector such as the common <a href="Housefly" title="Housefly">housefly</a>, mosquitoes, and, in the case of <i>D. hominis</i>, a species of <a href="Tick" title="Tick">tick</a>. After mating, the female botfly captures the <a href="Phoresis" title="Phoresis">phoretic</a> insect by holding onto its wings with her legs. She then makes the slip—attaching 15 to 30 eggs onto the insect or arachnid's abdomen, where they incubate. The fertilized female does this over and over again to distribute the 100 to 400 eggs she produces in her short adult stage of life of only 8–9 days. Larvae from these eggs, stimulated by the warmth and proximity of a large mammal host, drop onto its skin and burrow underneath.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intermediate vectors are often used since many animal hosts recognize the approach of a botfly and flee.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Eggs are deposited on larger animals' <a href="Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> directly, or the larvae hatch and drop from the eggs attached to the intermediate vector; the body heat of the host animal induces hatching upon contact or immediate proximity. Some forms of botfly also occur in the <a href="Digestive_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive tract">digestive tract</a> after ingestion by licking.

</p>

<p>Myiasis can be caused by larvae burrowing into the skin (or tissue lining) of the host animal. Mature larvae drop from the host and complete the <a href="Pupa" title="Pupa">pupal</a> stage in the soil. They do not kill the host animal, thus they are true <a href="Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasites</a>.

</p><p>The equine botflies present seasonal difficulties to <a href="Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrian</a> caretakers, as they lay eggs on the insides of horses' front legs on the <a href="Cannon_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannon bone"> cannon</a> or metacarpal bone (below the knee) and <a href="Knees" class="mw-redirect" title="Knees">knees</a>, and sometimes on the <a href="Throat" title="Throat">throat</a> or <a href="Nose" title="Nose">nose</a> depending on the species. These eggs, which look like small, yellow drops of paint, must be carefully removed during the laying season (late summer and early fall) to prevent infestation in the horse. When a horse rubs its nose on its legs, the eggs are transferred to the mouth and from there to the <a href="Intestines" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestines">intestines</a>, where the larvae grow and attach themselves to the stomach lining or the small intestine. The attachment of the larvae to the tissue produces a mild irritation, which results in erosions and ulcerations at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Ondrak_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ondrak-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Removal of the eggs (which adhere to the host's hair) is difficult since the bone and <a href="Tendons" class="mw-redirect" title="Tendons">tendons</a> are directly under the skin on the cannon bones; eggs must be removed with a sharp knife (often a razor blade) or rough sandpaper and caught before they reach the ground. The larvae remain attached and develop for 10–12 months before they are passed out in the feces. Occasionally, horse owners report seeing botfly larvae in horse manure. These larvae are cylindrical and are reddish-orange. In one to two months, adult botflies emerge from the developing larvae and the cycle repeats itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Ondrak_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ondrak-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botflies can be controlled with several types of dewormers, including <a href="Dichlorvos" title="Dichlorvos">dichlorvos</a>, <a href="Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">ivermectin</a>, and <a href="Trichlorfon" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichlorfon">trichlorfon</a>.

</p><p>In cattle, the lesions caused by these flies can become infected by <i><a href="Mannheimia_granulomatis" title="Mannheimia granulomatis">Mannheimia granulomatis</a></i>, a <a href="Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacterium</a> that causes lechiguana, characterized by rapid-growing, hard lumps beneath the skin of the animal. Without antibiotics, an affected animal will die within 3–11 months.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><i><a href="Cuterebra_fontinella" title="Cuterebra fontinella">Cuterebra fontinella</a></i>, the mouse botfly, parasitizes small mammals all around North America.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><i><a href="Dermatobia_hominis" title="Dermatobia hominis">Dermatobia hominis</a></i>, the human botfly, occasionally uses humans to host its larvae.<sup id="cite_ref-USACHPPM_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USACHPPM-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_human_food">As human food</h2></div>

<p>In cold climates supporting <a href="Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a> or <a href="Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou">caribou</a>-reliant populations, large quantities of <i><a href="Hypoderma_tarandi" title="Hypoderma tarandi">Hypoderma tarandi</a></i> (caribou warble fly) maggots are available to human populations during the butchery of animals.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The sixth episode of season one of the television series <i><a href="Beyond_Survival" title="Beyond Survival">Beyond Survival</a></i>, titled "The <a href="Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> – Survivors of the Future", features survival expert <a href="Les_Stroud" title="Les Stroud">Les Stroud</a> and two Inuit guides hunting caribou on the northern coast of <a href="Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a> near <a href="Pond_Inlet" title="Pond Inlet">Pond Inlet</a>, <a href="Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, Canada. Upon skinning and butchering of one of the animals, numerous larvae (presumably <i>H. tarandi</i>, although not explicitly stated) are apparent on the inside of the caribou pelt. Stroud and his two Inuit guides eat (albeit somewhat reluctantly) one larva each, with Stroud commenting that the larva "tastes like milk" and was historically commonly consumed by the Inuit.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Copious art dating back to the <a href="Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> in Europe confirms their consumption in premodern times, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-NPA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> Hullin 67b discusses whether the warble fly is kosher.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><i><a href="Cochliomyia_hominivorax" title="Cochliomyia hominivorax">Cochliomyia hominivorax</a></i>, the <a href="Screwworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Screwworm">screwworm</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Cordylobia_anthropophaga" title="Cordylobia anthropophaga">Cordylobia anthropophaga</a></i>, the tumbu fly</li>

<li><i><a href="Philornis" title="Philornis">Philornis</a></i>, a genus of flies that are subcutaneous parasites of birds, sometimes referred to as "bot flies"</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFInc._Merriam-Webster2011" class="citation book cs1">Inc. Merriam-Webster (2011). <i>Webster's American English dictionary</i>. Springfield, MA: Federal Street Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-59695-114-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FaberV-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FaberV_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMullenDurden2009" class="citation book cs1">Mullen G, Durden L, eds. (2009). <i>Medical and veterinary entomology</i>. Amsterdam, NL: Academic. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-12-372500-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Journal of the Department of Agriculture of Western Australia, Volume 9, Pub: Western Australia. Dept. of Agriculture, 1904, p 17</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-isbn0-19-861271-0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-19-861271-0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-19-861271-0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_Lesley1993" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Lesley (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newshorteroxford00lesl"><i>The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles</i></a></span>. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-861271-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPape2001" class="citation journal cs1">Pape T (April 2001). "Phylogeny of Oestridae (Insecta: Diptera)". <i><a href="Systematic_Entomology" title="Systematic Entomology">Systematic Entomology</a></i>. <b>26</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">133–</span>171. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SysEn..26..133P">2001SysEn..26..133P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-3113.2001.00143.x">10.1046/j.1365-3113.2001.00143.x</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83936667">83936667</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Dunleavy, Stephen (producer) (2005-10-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/10_october/20/life_synopses.shtml"><i>Life In The Undergrowth: Intimate Relations (Programme synopses)</i></a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-17</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Ondrak-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ondrak_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ondrak_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOndrak" class="citation web cs1">Ondrak J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090822012533/http://www.lambriarvet.com/vet-equine-bots.php">"Ask The Vet: Treating Bot Infestations In Horses"</a>. <i>lambriarvet.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lambriarvet.com/vet-equine-bots.php">the original</a> on 2009-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-10</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRiet-CorreaS._L._LadeiraG._B._AndradeG._R._Carter2000" class="citation journal cs1">Riet-Correa F, S. L. Ladeira, G. B. Andrade, G. R. Carter (December 2000). "Lechiguana (focal proliferative fibrogranulomatous panniculitis) in cattle". <i>Veterinary Research Communications</i>. <b>24</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">557–</span>572. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1006444019819">10.1023/A:1006444019819</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11305747">11305747</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19888515">19888515</a>.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFJennisonRodasBarrett2006" class="citation journal cs1">Jennison CA, Rodas LR, Barrett GW (2006). "<i>Cuterebra fontinella</i> parasitism on <i>Peromyscus leucopus</i> and <i>Ochrotomys nuttalli</i>". <i>Southeastern Naturalist</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">157–</span>168. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1656%2F1528-7092%282006%295%5B157%3ACFPOPL%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1656/1528-7092(2006)5[157:CFPOPL]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87286185">87286185</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-USACHPPM-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USACHPPM_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200719063501/https://phc.amedd.army.mil/PHC%20Resource%20Library/HumanBotFlyMyiasis_FS_18-052-0618.pdf#search=dermatobia">"Human Bot Fly Myiasis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Army Public Health Command (provisional), formerly U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine. January 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phc.amedd.army.mil/PHC%20Resource%20Library/HumanBotFlyMyiasis_FS_18-052-0618.pdf#search=dermatobia">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFelt1918" class="citation journal cs1">Felt E (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CfTzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA482">"Caribou warble grubs edible"</a>. <i>Journal of Economic Entomology</i>. <b>11</b>: 482.</cite></span>

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</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Botflies" class="extiw external" title="q:Botflies">Botflies</a></b></i>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oestridae" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Oestridae">Oestridae</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/botfly.aspx">Encyclopedia.com article</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/flies/squirrel_bot_fly.htm"><i>Cuterebra emasculator</i>, squirrel bot fly</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/flies/human_bot_fly.htm"><i>Dermatobia hominis</i>, human bot fly</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/livestock/horse_bot_fly.htm"><i>Gasterophilus intestinalis</i>, horse bot fly</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/livestock/cattle_grub.htm"><i>Hypoderma lineatum</i>, common cattle grub</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Extant_Diptera_families280" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="Fly" title="Fly">Diptera</a> families</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li>

<li>Phylum: <a href="Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li>

<li>Class: <a href="Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a></li>

<li>Subclass: <a href="Pterygota" title="Pterygota">Pterygota</a></li>

<li>Infraclass: <a href="Neoptera" title="Neoptera">Neoptera</a></li>

<li>Superorder: <a href="Holometabola" title="Holometabola">Holometabola</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Nematocera280" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="Nematocera" title="Nematocera">Nematocera</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Axymyiomorpha28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;padding-right:10.15em;"><a href="Axymyiidae" title="Axymyiidae">Axymyiomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Axymyiidae" title="Axymyiidae">Axymyiidae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culicomorpha16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="Culicomorpha" title="Culicomorpha">Culicomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Culicoidea" title="Culicoidea">Culicoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dixidae" title="Dixidae">Dixidae <small>(meniscus midges)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Corethrellidae" title="Corethrellidae">Corethrellidae <small>(frog-biting midges)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Chaoboridae" title="Chaoboridae">Chaoboridae <small>(phantom midges)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Mosquito" title="Mosquito">Culicidae <small>(mosquitoes)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Chironomoidea" title="Chironomoidea">Chironomoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thaumaleidae" title="Thaumaleidae">Thaumaleidae <small>(solitary midges)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Black_fly" title="Black fly">Simuliidae <small>(black flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Ceratopogonidae" title="Ceratopogonidae">Ceratopogonidae <small>(biting midges)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Chironomidae" title="Chironomidae">Chironomidae <small>(non-biting midges)</small></a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Blephariceridae" title="Blephariceridae">Blephariceridae <small>(net-winged midges)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Deuterophlebia" title="Deuterophlebia">Deuterophlebiidae <small>(mountain midges)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Nymphomyiidae" title="Nymphomyiidae">Nymphomyiidae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bibionomorpha17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="Bibionomorpha" title="Bibionomorpha">Bibionomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Bibionidae" title="Bibionidae">Bibionoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bibionidae" title="Bibionidae">Bibionidae <small>(march flies, lovebugs)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Anisopodidae" title="Anisopodidae">Anisopodoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anisopodidae" title="Anisopodidae">Anisopodidae <small>(wood gnats)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Sciaroidea" title="Sciaroidea">Sciaroidea</a><br><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(fungus gnats)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bolitophila" title="Bolitophila">Bolitophilidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Cecidomyiidae" title="Cecidomyiidae">Cecidomyiidae <small>(gall midges)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Diadocidiidae" title="Diadocidiidae">Diadocidiidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Ditomyiidae" title="Ditomyiidae">Ditomyiidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Keroplatidae" title="Keroplatidae">Keroplatidae <small>(predatory fungus gnats)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Lygistorrhinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lygistorrhinidae">Lygistorrhinidae <small>(long-beaked fungus gnats)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Mycetophilidae" title="Mycetophilidae">Mycetophilidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Rangomaramidae" title="Rangomaramidae">Rangomaramidae <small>(long-winged fungus gnats)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Sciaridae" title="Sciaridae">Sciaridae <small>(dark-winged fungus gnats)</small></a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Perissommatidae" title="Perissommatidae">Perissommatidae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Psychodomorpha18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="Psychodomorpha" title="Psychodomorpha">Psychodomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Scatopsoidea" title="Scatopsoidea">Scatopsoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Canthyloscelidae" title="Canthyloscelidae">Canthyloscelidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Scatopsidae" title="Scatopsidae">Scatopsidae <small>(minute black scavenger flies, or dung midges)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Valeseguyidae" title="Valeseguyidae">Valeseguyidae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Psychodidae" title="Psychodidae">Psychodoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Psychodidae" title="Psychodidae">Psychodidae <small>(moth flies)</small></a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Ptychopteridae" title="Ptychopteridae">Ptychopteridae <small>(phantom crane flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Tanyderidae" title="Tanyderidae">Tanyderidae <small>(primitive crane flies)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tipulomorpha16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="Tipulomorpha" title="Tipulomorpha">Tipulomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Trichoceridae" title="Trichoceridae">Trichoceroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Trichoceridae" title="Trichoceridae">Trichoceridae <small>(winter crane flies)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Crane_fly" title="Crane fly">Tipuloidea</a><br><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(crane flies)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cylindrotomidae" title="Cylindrotomidae">Cylindrotomidae <small>(long-bodied crane flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Limoniidae" title="Limoniidae">Limoniidae <small>(limoniid crane flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Pediciidae" title="Pediciidae">Pediciidae <small>(hairy-eyed craneflies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Tipulidae" title="Tipulidae">Tipulidae <small>(large crane flies)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Brachycera280" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="Brachycera" title="Brachycera">Brachycera</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asilomorpha15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="Asilomorpha" title="Asilomorpha">Asilomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Asiloidea" title="Asiloidea">Asiloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apiocera" title="Apiocera">Apioceridae <small>(flower-loving flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Apsilocephalidae" title="Apsilocephalidae">Apsilocephalidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Apystomyia" title="Apystomyia">Apystomyiidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Asilidae" title="Asilidae">Asilidae <small>(robber flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Bombyliidae" title="Bombyliidae">Bombyliidae <small>(bee flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Evocoa" title="Evocoa">Evocoidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Hilarimorphidae" title="Hilarimorphidae">Hilarimorphidae <small>(hilarimorphid flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Mydas_fly" title="Mydas fly">Mydidae <small>(mydas flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Mythicomyiidae" title="Mythicomyiidae">Mythicomyiidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Scenopinidae" title="Scenopinidae">Scenopinidae <small>(window flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Therevidae" title="Therevidae">Therevidae <small>(stiletto flies)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Empidoidea" title="Empidoidea">Empidoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atelestidae" title="Atelestidae">Atelestidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Dolichopodidae" title="Dolichopodidae">Dolichopodidae <small>(long-legged flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Empididae" title="Empididae">Empididae <small>(dagger flies, balloon flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Homalocnemis" title="Homalocnemis">Homalocnemiidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Hybotidae" title="Hybotidae">Hybotidae <small>(dance flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Oreogetonidae" title="Oreogetonidae">Oreogetonidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Ragadidae" title="Ragadidae">Ragadidae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Nemestrinoidea" title="Nemestrinoidea">Nemestrinoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acroceridae" title="Acroceridae">Acroceridae <small>(small-headed flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Nemestrinidae" title="Nemestrinidae">Nemestrinidae <small>(tangle-veined flies)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="Muscomorpha" title="Muscomorpha">Muscomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aschiza11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.9em"><a href="Aschiza" title="Aschiza">Aschiza</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Platypezoidea" title="Platypezoidea">Platypezoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ironomyiidae" title="Ironomyiidae">Ironomyiidae <small>(ironic flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Lonchopteridae" title="Lonchopteridae">Lonchopteridae <small>(spear-winged flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Opetiidae" title="Opetiidae">Opetiidae <small>(flat-footed flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Phoridae" title="Phoridae">Phoridae <small>(scuttle flies, coffin flies, humpbacked flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Platypezidae" title="Platypezidae">Platypezidae <small>(flat-footed flies)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Syrphoidea" title="Syrphoidea">Syrphoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pipunculidae" title="Pipunculidae">Pipunculidae <small>(big-headed flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Hoverfly" title="Hoverfly">Syrphidae <small>(hoverflies)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.8em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="Schizophora" title="Schizophora">Schizophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.7em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;font-size:80%;"><a href="Acalyptratae" title="Acalyptratae">Acalyptratae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Conopidae" title="Conopidae">Conopoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Conopidae" title="Conopidae">Conopidae <small>(thick-headed flies)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Tephritoidea" title="Tephritoidea">Tephritoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pallopteridae" title="Pallopteridae">Pallopteridae <small>(flutter flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Piophilidae" title="Piophilidae">Piophilidae <small>(cheese flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Platystomatidae" title="Platystomatidae">Platystomatidae <small>(signal flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Pyrgotidae" title="Pyrgotidae">Pyrgotidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Richardiidae" title="Richardiidae">Richardiidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Tephritidae" title="Tephritidae">Tephritidae <small>(peacock flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Ulidiidae" title="Ulidiidae">Ulidiidae <small>(picture-winged flies)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Nerioidea" title="Nerioidea">Nerioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cypselosomatidae" title="Cypselosomatidae">Cypselosomatidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Micropezidae" title="Micropezidae">Micropezidae <small>(stilt-legged flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Neriidae" title="Neriidae">Neriidae <small>(cactus flies, banana stalk flies)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Diopsoidea" title="Diopsoidea">Diopsoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stalk-eyed_fly" title="Stalk-eyed fly">Diopsidae <small>(stalk-eyed flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Gobryidae" title="Gobryidae">Gobryidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Megamerinidae" title="Megamerinidae">Megamerinidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Nothybidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothybidae">Nothybidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Psilidae" title="Psilidae">Psilidae <small>(rust flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Somatiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatiidae">Somatiidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Strongylophthalmyiidae" title="Strongylophthalmyiidae">Strongylophthalmyiidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Syringogaster" title="Syringogaster">Syringogastridae</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanypezidae" title="Tanypezidae">Tanypezidae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Sciomyzoidea" title="Sciomyzoidea">Sciomyzoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coelopidae" title="Coelopidae">Coelopidae <small>(kelp flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Dryomyzidae" title="Dryomyzidae">Dryomyzidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Helcomyzidae" title="Helcomyzidae">Helcomyzidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Helosciomyzidae" title="Helosciomyzidae">Helosciomyzidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterocheila" title="Heterocheila">Heterocheilidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Huttoninidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Huttoninidae">Huttoninidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Natalimyzidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Natalimyzidae">Natalimyzidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Phaeomyiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeomyiidae">Phaeomyiidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Ropalomeridae" title="Ropalomeridae">Ropalomeridae</a></li>

<li><a href="Sciomyzidae" title="Sciomyzidae">Sciomyzidae <small>(marsh flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Sepsidae" title="Sepsidae">Sepsidae <small>(black scavenger flies)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Sphaeroceroidea" title="Sphaeroceroidea">Sphaeroceroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chyromyidae" title="Chyromyidae">Chyromyidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Heleomyzidae" title="Heleomyzidae">Heleomyzidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Nannodastiidae" title="Nannodastiidae">Nannodastiidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Sphaeroceridae" title="Sphaeroceridae">Sphaeroceridae <small>(small dung flies)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Lauxanioidea" title="Lauxanioidea">Lauxanioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Celyphidae" title="Celyphidae">Celyphidae <small>(beetle-backed flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Chamaemyiidae" title="Chamaemyiidae">Chamaemyiidae <small>(aphid flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Cremifaniidae" title="Cremifaniidae">Cremifaniidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Lauxaniidae" title="Lauxaniidae">Lauxaniidae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Opomyzoidea" title="Opomyzoidea">Opomyzoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agromyzidae" title="Agromyzidae">Agromyzidae <small>(leaf miner flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Anthomyzidae" title="Anthomyzidae">Anthomyzidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Asteiidae" title="Asteiidae">Asteiidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Aulacigastridae" title="Aulacigastridae">Aulacigastridae <small>(sap flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Clusiidae" title="Clusiidae">Clusiidae <small>(lekking, or druid flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Fergusoninidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fergusoninidae">Fergusoninidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Marginidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginidae">Marginidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Neminidae" title="Neminidae">Neminidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurochaetidae" title="Neurochaetidae">Neurochaetidae <small>(upside-down flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Odiniidae" title="Odiniidae">Odiniidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Opomyzidae" title="Opomyzidae">Opomyzidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Periscelididae" title="Periscelididae">Periscelididae</a></li>

<li><a href="Teratomyzidae" title="Teratomyzidae">Teratomyzidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Xenasteiidae" title="Xenasteiidae">Xenasteiidae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Ephydroidea" title="Ephydroidea">Ephydroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Camillidae" title="Camillidae">Camillidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Curtonotidae" title="Curtonotidae">Curtonotidae <small>(quasimodo flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Diastatidae" title="Diastatidae">Diastatidae <small>(bog flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Drosophilidae" title="Drosophilidae">Drosophilidae <small>(vinegar and fruit flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Ephydridae" title="Ephydridae">Ephydridae <small>(shore flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Mormotomyiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormotomyiidae">Mormotomyiidae <small>(frightful hairy fly)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Carnoidea" title="Carnoidea">Carnoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acartophthalmus" title="Acartophthalmus">Acartophthalmidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Australimyzidae" title="Australimyzidae">Australimyzidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Braulidae" title="Braulidae">Braulidae <small>(bee lice)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Canacidae" title="Canacidae">Canacidae <small>(beach flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Carnidae" title="Carnidae">Carnidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Chloropidae" title="Chloropidae">Chloropidae <small>(frit flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Inbiomyiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Inbiomyiidae">Inbiomyiidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Milichiidae" title="Milichiidae">Milichiidae <small>(freeloader flies)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lonchaeoidea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cryptochetidae" title="Cryptochetidae">Cryptochetidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Lonchaeidae" title="Lonchaeidae">Lonchaeidae <small>(lance flies)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.7em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;font-size:80%;"><a href="Calyptratae" title="Calyptratae">Calyptratae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;line-height:3em;"><a href="Muscoidea" title="Muscoidea">Muscoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anthomyiidae" title="Anthomyiidae">Anthomyiidae <small>(cabbage flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Fanniidae" title="Fanniidae">Fanniidae <small>(little house flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Muscidae" title="Muscidae">Muscidae <small>(house flies, stable flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Scathophagidae" title="Scathophagidae">Scathophagidae <small>(dung flies)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;line-height:3em;"><a href="Oestroidea" title="Oestroidea">Oestroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Calliphoridae" title="Calliphoridae">Calliphoridae <small>(blow-flies: bluebottles, greenbottles)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Mesembrinellidae" title="Mesembrinellidae">Mesembrinellidae</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Zealand_batfly" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand batfly">Mystacinobiidae <small>(New Zealand batfly)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Rhiniidae" title="Rhiniidae">Rhiniidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhinophoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinophoridae">Rhinophoridae</a></li>

<li><a href="Flesh_fly" title="Flesh fly">Sarcophagidae <small>(flesh flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Tachinidae" title="Tachinidae">Tachinidae <small>(tachina flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Ulurumyiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulurumyiidae">Ulurumyiidae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;line-height:3em;"><a href="Hippoboscoidea" title="Hippoboscoidea">Hippoboscoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tsetse_fly" title="Tsetse fly">Glossinidae <small>(tsetse flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Hippoboscidae" title="Hippoboscidae">Hippoboscidae <small>(louse flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Nycteribiidae" title="Nycteribiidae">Nycteribiidae <small>(bat flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Streblidae" title="Streblidae">Streblidae <small>(bat flies)</small></a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Pantophthalmidae" title="Pantophthalmidae">Pantophthalmidae <small>(timber flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Stratiomyidae" title="Stratiomyidae">Stratiomyidae <small>(soldier flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Xylomyidae" title="Xylomyidae">Xylomyidae <small>(wood soldier flies)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="Tabanomorpha" title="Tabanomorpha">Tabanomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Rhagionoidea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Austroleptis" title="Austroleptis">Austroleptidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Bolbomyia" title="Bolbomyia">Bolbomyiidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhagionidae" title="Rhagionidae">Rhagionidae <small>(snipe flies)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Tabanoidea" title="Tabanoidea">Tabanoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Athericidae" title="Athericidae">Athericidae <small>(water snipe flies)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Oreoleptidae" title="Oreoleptidae">Oreoleptidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Pelecorhynchidae" title="Pelecorhynchidae">Pelecorhynchidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Tabanidae" title="Tabanidae">Tabanidae <small>(horse and deer flies)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="Vermileonidae" title="Vermileonidae">Vermileonomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vermileonoidea32" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Vermileonidae" title="Vermileonidae">Vermileonoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vermileonidae" title="Vermileonidae">Vermileonidae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="Xylophagidae" title="Xylophagidae">Xylophagomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Xylophagoidea30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Xylophagidae" title="Xylophagidae">Xylophagoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Xylophagidae" title="Xylophagidae">Xylophagidae <small>(awl flies)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="List_of_Diptera_families" title="List of Diptera families">List of families of Diptera</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3358" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3358" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxon identifiers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Oestridae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27485" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q27485">Q27485</a></span></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Oestridae" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Oestridae">Oestridae</a></span></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Oestridae">Oestridae</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id17447">17447</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="BugGuide" title="BugGuide">BugGuide</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/25501">25501</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1OESTF">1OESTF</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:10932">10932</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/435e5279-58c5-471f-b4f1-1227ca00b010">435e5279-58c5-471f-b4f1-1227ca00b010</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/154882">154882</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=104289">104289</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000160557">NBNSYS0000160557</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=207372">207372</a></span></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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